Advanced nanofabricated

In summary, modeling offers powerful tools and guidance for performance optimization. With advancements in new techniques for micro- and nanofabrication, it will be possible to engineer fuel cell CLs (electrodes) according to the compositions and structures predicted by modeling and simulation. 

The challenges in this field rest on improving sensitivity and specificity, and reducing the power drain to allow the manufacture of palmtop, wristwatch-size, or even smaller sensors. Advances in microelectronics have enabled the fabrication of compact, portable, low-power devices, and advances in power somces, miniaturization techniques, nanofabrication tools, and fundamental materials chemistiy should allow this trend to continue. 

Modern nanotechnology and nanofabrication processes are advancing towards manipulation of structure and functions on the molecular scale [19-23]. Many innovations and strategic areas of research which have appeared during the last 5-10 years corroborate the famous opinion of R. Feynman there is a plenty of space on the bottom [471]. Some prominent examples include self-assembly of small molecules and their ordering at interfaces [8,220,472,473 ], three-dimensional macromolecules with a defined shape, interior and surface structure [34-38], and templating of biomolecules [39-41,474]. Most of these concepts follow a biomimetic approach, where synthetic structures mimic organisation princi-... 

A new approach comes from advance in nanotechnology that offer an opportunity for the discovery of novel compounds with antibiofihn activity. One such example is nanosilver crystals, which show potent antimicrobial activity and have been used to coat catheters (100). Furthermore the use of nanofabrication surface techniques can change surface properties such as charge, wetability, and topography, in addition to the ability to add functional activities. The precise control of surface composition and chemical functionality, along with novel methods such as microwave synthesis, discussed in this chapter, promote our abihty to attach nanoparticles to a wide range of surfaces and can offer important new tools to combat bacterial biofllm persistence. 

An English company, Owlstone Limited, a subsidiary of Advance Nanotech, was formed in 2003 around a version of FAIMS or DMS with previously unprecedented dimensions (Chapter 1 and Chapter 9). This was termed nanofabrication, and Owlstone Nanotech impressively developed several vapor analyzers based on their version of EAIMS. The company has won several indnstry awards and teamed with Agilent Corporation for development of an inlet to the Agilent TOF-MS. In addition. 

Chapter 12 focuses on recent advancements in EMM for micro and nanofabrication. It contains various emerging variants of EMM. Various interesting factors of surface structuring of aluminum, stainless steel, and titanium, etc., by EMM have been presented considering not only simple flat surfaces but also complex curved surfaces. EMM can also be successfully utilized for fabrication of three-dimensional nanostructures which has also been reported. 

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