Adsorption at surfaces

Stern (1924) introduced the concept of specific ion adsorption at surfaces. 

In addition to the researches on oxygen adsorption at surfaces mentioned in the introduction, DIET has contributed significantly to the study of non-stoichio-metric and stoichiometric oxides surfaces, as well as the study of the reactivity of oxygen with oxidised metals and semiconductors. However, we shall restrict the scope of this review to oxidised surfaces and oxides. Henrich and Cox have reviewed the oxide surfaces up to 1993, which includes a chapter on ESD and PSD [108]. 

Because direct electrochemistry is observed only after the problems of interfacial specificity, compatibility, and denaturation have been overcome, it should provide us with a most powerful tool for investigating protein adsorption at surfaces. The studies of genetically engineered cytochrome c variants described in Section II serve as an illustration of this application. 

A similar ordering of the properties of these ions results from a consideration of phenomena such as the surface tensions of aqueous electrolytes, ionic adsorption at surfaces, ester hydrolysis, and the precipitation of albumin. 

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