Adhesive amount surface roughness

One of the difficulties with trying to determine if the amount of cellular adhesion to a material can be correlated with the surface tension is that the surface actually exposed to blood becomes a composite when materials with different surface tensions are used. For example, as materials with smaller surface tensions are exposed to blood, the contact angles between them and blood plasma become larger. If this contact angle is sufficiently large, tiny air nuclei (bubbles) can be trapped and stabilized in the surface roughness of the material (6.7). Thus the blood is actually exposed to a composite... 

It is known that alkali treatment improves the fiber-matrix adhesion due to the removal of natural and artificial impurities from the fiber surface as well as the change in the crystal structure of the cellulose [119]. Moreover, alkali treatment reduces fiber diameter and thereby increases the aspect ratio. Therefore, the development of a rough surface topography and enhancement in aspect ratio offer better fiber-matrix interface adhesion and an increase in mechanical properties was reported by Mohanty et al. [68]. Alkali treatment increases surface roughness resulting in better mechanical interlocking due to the amount of cellulose exposed on the fiber surface [53]. Several other studies were conducted on alkali treatment and the results are discussed elsewhere [36, 37, 41, 86]. 

The thickness, density, and residual stress in sintered films can be determined by the methods described above. The X-ray diHfaction method of determining stress is generally more suitable for sintered films since it does not require the removal of the film, as do the substrate curvature methods. The surface roughness can be measured with a profilometer, whereas the adhesion of the film to the substrate can be determined by a pull test, in which a wire is bonded to the film and then pulled with the force needed to remove the film from the substrate. The amount of camber or warpage can also be determined with a profilometer. Grain and pore sizes can also be determined by the same techniques used for bulk ceramics. 

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