Adenylate cyclase vanadium

Vanadium. Vanadium is essential in rats and chicks (85,156). Estimated human intake is less than 4 mg/d. In animals, deficiency results in impaired growth, reproduction, and Hpid metaboHsm (157), and altered thyroid peroxidase activities (112). The levels of coen2yme A and coen2yme Q q in rats are reduced and monoamine oxidase activity is increased when rats are given excess vanadium (157). Vanadium may play a role in the regulation of (NaK)—ATPase, phosphoryl transferases, adenylate cyclase, and protein kinases (112). 

As yet, the biological functions of vanadium have not been defined clearly. However, vanadium has an effect on the activity of important enzymes, especially the inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase, other ATPases, phosphatases and phosphotransferases by metavanadate ions (VO ). Vanadium also stimulates the synthesis of cychc AMP by adenylate cyclase activation and may therefore interfere with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. 

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