Adaptations offensive

Herbivores have evolved many offensive adaptations that counteract the defensive adaptations of plants, including antifeeding compounds (Rhoades, 1985). 

Anxzs. The club was the first offensive weapon. By knots and points it became a mace an edm and a pole converted it to a battle-axe. It was adapted... 

Another method for the evolution of Mullerian mimicry has been suggested. In a sense, a Batesian mimic is pre-adapted for evolution towards Mullerian mimicry. Furthermore, we have seen adjustments in the behavior of predators after being exposed to unpalatable prey They attack more slowly and cautiously, and sometimes taste but fail to maintain the attack (J. Brower, 1958,1960). Mimetic prey is thus not exposed to as severe attack as a non-mimic (until the sham is pierced). It would be more likely to survive and continue its evolution towards Mullerian mimicry if some incipient offensive distastefulness was developed (Huheey, 1961). It has been suggested that this is the only means available for the initiation of Mullerian mimicry in rare species (L. Brower et al., 1970). The conditions favoring the evolution of a Batesian mimic into a Mullerian mimic have been determined from the mathematical model and are not surprising The model must not be overly abundant nor have a strong protective deterrent. In other words, if the Batesian mimicry is weak, it behooves the mimic to evolve its own deterrent (Huheey, 1976). 

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