Acoustic rhinometry

Volunteers exposed to concentrations increasing from 0 to 12 ppm for 60 minutes (average concentration 10 ppm) reported distinct nasal and eye irritation and moderate to strong odor detection. Acute nasal reactions, as determined by acoustic rhinometry and rhi-nomanometry, were not observed with exposure to 2 5 ppm for 15 minutes. 

Both allergic and irritant mechanisms have been proposed as explanations for nasal symptoms. Measures that have successfully been used include nasal swabs (eosinophils), nasal lavage or biopsy, acoustic rhinometry (nasal volume), anterior and posterior rhinomanometry (plethysmography), and measures of nasal hyperreactivity (visual, using a dental prosthesis as a head fixative, and using an ear surgery microscope to measure distances and swelling). 

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